Then by merging the estimates from multiple satellites, surface precipitation maps can be produced half-hourly at 0.1o horizontal resolution. With IMERG, precipitation estimates from the GPM core satellite are used to calibrate other satellite microwave and IR estimates. IMERG, the Integrated Multi-satellitE Retrievals for GPM, is a unified satellite precipitation product produced by NASA to estimate surface precipitation over most of the globe. light enough to float in the air and move. This releases latent heat, which further drives the upward motion, but it also forms clouds and precipitation, revealing the ITCZ as a band of rainfall that wraps around the Earth near to the Equator. A surface low pressure cell is an example of an area of convergence and air at its center must rise as a result. As it does, the moisture in the air condenses. This in turn leads the trade winds to converge, which also forces warm moist air to rise. This warms the air and the ocean, causing warm buoyant air to rise and a band of lower pressure to form. This is ultimately driven by incoming solar radiation, which peaks near the Equator. Yet, the ITCZ is an important part of the global circulation as it forms the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation. Sailors have often referred to it as the “doldrums” due to its generally light winds. Bending of such a ray, as required by the mirage phenomenon, must require considerations of wave nature of light.The intertropical convergence zone or “ITCZ” roughly forms a band that circumnavigates the Earth near the Equator where the northeast trade winds in the Northern Hemisphere converge with the southeast trade winds in the Southern Hemisphere. In particular, we consider a horizontally moving light ray and argue that within geometrical optics, such a ray should continue to move horizontally. Rays of light can change direction when they encounter. This phenomenon is known as crepuscular rays, as it occurs during crepuscular hours those around dusk and dawn. When the winds in a hurricane are blowing at 150 knots, what is the wind speed in a. Estimate the atmospheric pressure at the cruising altitude of a jet airliner (about 34,000 feet): mb. Outside the clouds, where the sky is clear, the air, like any body, emits. Brilliant beams of light extending from clouds are often seen during the early morning or early evening when the sun is shining. Estimate the altitude where atmospheric pressure has decreased to about half its surface value: kilometers b. In some regions, such as the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ICTZ) (see Atmospheric Circulation and The Key Role of Trade Winds), convective cumulonimbus clouds can occur over large horizontal areas (several hundred km). We discuss their arguments and argue that there are subtle conceptual issues in understanding mirage strictly in the framework of geometrical optics. Storm Interactions with Atmospheric Conditions. This issue has been discussed in literature, e.g. With refractive index varying only in the vertical direction, one will expect from symmetry considerations that a horizontal ray should not bend, contrary to the observed phenomenon of mirage. A conceptual issue arises when considering the part of the light trajectory where light ray becomes horizontal. However, observations with the spectroscope seem to indicate that a faint permanent aurora. It is most commonly seen in sub-Arctic and sub-Antarctic latitudes. Typical example is when downward going light rays bend upward when heated air in contact with hot earth surface leads to vertical gradient of refractive index with refractive index increasing in upward direction. A luminous phenomenon that consists of streamers or arches of light and is caused by electrical discharges in the atmosphere, mostly confined in the tenuous air of high altitude. Mirage forms when light rays traversing a medium with spatially varying refractive index bend and undergo total internal reflection. Atmospheric optical phenomena are visual events that take place in Earth ’ s atmosphere as a consequence of light reflection, refraction, and diffraction by solid particles, liquids droplets, and other materials present in the atmosphere.
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